WHOIS
Who holds a name, and until when.
The public registry record for any domain: the registrar, the dates, the nameservers and the status codes, exactly as the registry returns them.
What the record tells you
Whether it is really taken
A name can resolve to nothing and still be registered. The record settles it.
When it expires
An expiry date within weeks means the name may become free. It also means the holder may simply renew it.
Where it is registered
The registrar of record, which is who a transfer has to come from and who can issue the authorisation code.
Whether it is locked
Status codes say whether the name is locked against transfer, in a redemption period, or subject to a dispute.
Name is free after all?
Search it here and register it before somebody else runs the same lookup.